In a time of accelerating threats and rapid technological shifts, the U.S. military should reconsider how it approaches force design in its modernization process. Force design represents the logical first step in force modernization—and it should be performed concurrently with development and employment, not sequentially as current doctrine suggests.

As the U.S. navigates unprecedented strategic challenges, bipartisan consensus on nuclear policy is more vital than ever. In this new post, SPA Fellow Tom Troyano reflects on lessons from navigating seven presidential transitions and shares insights from the Strategic Posture Commission report. The takeaway: the current nuclear modernization path, while essential, may no longer be enough. From ret

Navigating the complex landscape of program cost estimation requires confronting hidden biases that threaten budgets, timelines, and ultimately mission success. Accurate cost estimating is critical for defense programs aiming to deliver on time, within budget, and with the capabilities needed for today’s warfighter. Yet, cost estimation—especially early in the acquisition process—is often un

Ensuring the credibility and effectiveness of the U.S. nuclear deterrent requires not only technical expertise and strategic foresight but also a commitment to developing the next generation of nuclear analysts. At Systems Planning and Analysis (SPA), this responsibility is embodied in the Nuclear Analyst Community of Interest (COI), founded and led by Tom Troyano, SPA’s Fellow for Nuclear Moder